BARLEY, THE NUTRITIOUS GRAIN

Barley is stated by historians to be the oldest of all cultivated grains. It seems to have been the principal bread plant among the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans. The Jews especially held the grain in high esteem, and sacred history usually uses it interchangeably with wheat, when speaking of the fruits of our earth.

Among the early Greeks and Romans, barley was almost the only food of the common people and also the soldiers. The flour was made into gruel, after the following recipe: "Dry, near the fire or in the oven, twenty pounds of barley flour, then parch it. Add three pounds of linseed meal, half a pound of coriander seeds, two ounces of salt, and also the water necessary." If an especially delectable dish was desired, a little millet was also added to give the paste more "cohesion and delicacy." Barley was also used whole as a food, within which case it had been first parched, which continues to be the manner of preparing it in some parts of Palestine and many districts of India, also within the Canary Islands , where it's called and known as gofio.

In the time of Charles I, barley meal took the place of wheat almost entirely as the food of the common people in England. In some parts of Europe, India, and other Eastern countries, it's still largely consumed as the ordinary farinaceous food of the peasantry and soldiers. The early settlers of new England also largely used it for bread making.

Barley is less nutritious than wheat, and to most people is less agreeable in flavor. It is likewise somewhat inferior in point of digestibility. Its starch cells being less soluble, it offers more resistance to the gastric juice.

There are several distinct species of barley, but most commonly cultivated is designated as two-rowed, or two-eared barley. In general structure, the barley grain resembles wheat and oats.

Simply deprived of its outer husk, the grain is termed Scotch milled or pot barley. Subjected still further to the process by which the fibrous outer coat of the grain is removed, it constitutes what's referred to as pearl barley. Pearl barley ground into flour is known as patent barley. Barley flour, since it contains so small a proportion of gluten, needs to be mixed with wheat flour for bread-making purposes. When added in small quantity to whole-wheat bread, and has a tendency to keep the loaf moist and is believed by some to improve the flavor.

The most general use made of this cereal as a food is within the form of pearl, or Scotch, barley. When well boiled, barley requires about two hours for digestion.